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Narciso Monturiol i Estarriol, also Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol ((:nərˈsiz muntuɾiˈɔɫ i əstəriˈɔɫ); 28 September 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish intellectual, artist and engineer. He was the inventor of the first air-independent and combustion-engine-driven submarine. ==Biography== Monturiol i Estarriol was born in the city of Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. He was the son of a cooper. Monturiol went to high school in Cervera and got a law degree in Barcelona in 1845. He solved the fundamental problems of underwater navigation. In effect, Monturiol invented the first fully functional engine-driven submarine.〔Cargill Hall, R. (1986). ''History of rocketry and astronautics: proceedings of the third through the sixth History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics, Volumen 1''. NASA conference publication. American Astronautical Society by Univelt, p. 85. ISBN 0-87703-260-2〕〔(A steam powered submarine: the Ictíneo ) Low-tech Magazine, 24 August 2008〕 Monturiol never practiced law, instead turning his talents to writing and publishing, setting up a publishing company in 1846, the same year he married his wife Emilia. He produced a series of journals and pamphlets espousing his radical beliefs in feminism, pacifism, and utopian communism. He also founded the newspaper ''La Madre de Familia'', in which he promised "to defend women from the tyranny of men" and ''La Fraternidad'', Spain's first communist newspaper. Monturiol's friendship with Abdó Terrades led him to join the Republican Party and his circle of friends included such names as musician Josep Anselm Clavé, and engineer and reformist Ildefons Cerdà. Monturiol also became an enthusiastic follower of the utopian thinker and socialist Étienne Cabet; he popularised Cabet's ideas through ''La Fraternidad'' and produced a Spanish translation of his novel ''Voyage en Icarie''. A circle formed round ''La Fraternidad'' raised enough money for one of them to travel to Cabet's utopian community, Icaria. Following the revolutions of 1848, one of his publications was suppressed by the government and he was forced into a brief exile in France. When he returned to Barcelona in 1849, the government curtailed his publishing activities, and he turned his attention to science and engineering instead. A stay in Cadaqués allowed him to observe the dangerous job of coral harvesters where he even witnessed the death of a man who drowned while performing this job. This prompted him to think of submarine navigation and in September 1857 he went back to Barcelona and organized the first commercial society in Catalonia and Spain dedicated to the exploration of submarine navigation with the name of ''Monturiol, Font, Altadill y Cia.'' and a capital of 10,000 pesetas. In 1858 Monturiol presented his project in a scientific thesis, titled ''The Ictineo or fish-ship''. The first dive of his first submarine, ''Ictineo I'', took place in September 1859 in the harbour of Barcelona. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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